violarite, while nickel recovery may be improved if it is possible to transform violarite back to pentlandite. Figure 1: Occurrences of violarite in ore deposits. (a) Violarite forming as exsolution from pentlandite. Mt Keith Nickel Mine, WA. (b) Violarite forming during the weathering of pentlandite along rims and cracks of pentlandite crystals.
The roasting of sulfide ores and concentrates is one of the most important steps in pyrometallurgical metal production from primary raw materials, due to the necessity of excess sulfur removal, present in the material. Pentlandite is one of the main sources for nickel pyrometallurgical production. The knowledge of its reaction …
Sulfide ore used to be the major resource for nickel, with a mature recovery technology of flotation, smelting, and electrowinning. However, with the over-consumption of high-grade sulfide ore and the decline in the discovery of new sulfide deposits, treatment for low-grade ore is of increasing interest.
The sulfide-rich BIC and MSZ mostly have underground mines that produce ore that is treated by conventional ... Numerous accounts exist on the alteration mechanisms of the main PGM host base metal sulfides which are pentlandite ... An overview of Southern African PGM smelting. In: Donald J, Schonewille R (eds) Nickel …
The ore body is continuous for about 24 miles. The horizon exposed in the Johns-Manville West Fork exploration adit has an average grade of 0.47 oz Pt-Pd per ton with a Pd-to-Pt ratio of about 3.5:1. The mineralization occurs in sulfide-rich anorthositic rocks. Accessory minerals include pyrrhotite, pentlandite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and …
In some nickel ore smelting, slag formation is complex because of the presence of MgO in various silicate minerals. The slag is typically iron and silicarich, but with elevated MgO levels. ... A mixture of four acidophilic thermophiles was used to bioleach a low-grade nickel–copper sulfide ore containing pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and ...
The processes considered are: reverberatory smelting (wet-charge and hot-calcine charge), electric furnace smelting, Outokumpu flash smelting (2 versions), Inco flash smelting, Noranda Continuous...
In flash smelting, nickel ore concentrate containing less than 1% moisture is fed to the furnace along with preheated air, oxygen-enriched air (30–40% oxygen), or pure …
In batch tests on an ore containing pentlandite, pyrrhotite, pyrite and talc the procedure rejected 57% of the iron sulphides and 98% of the talc and recovered 81% of the nickel in a concentrate assaying 16.5% Ni. ... ores frequently contain high levels of pyrrhotite which if concentrated with pentlandite raise SO2 emissions during smelting ...
Mixed ore is briefly slurred and heated at 250-225 C in a titanium-clad autoclave by steam and sulphuric acid injection, and nickel and cobalt are extracted into an acidic solution …
We study the mechanism and kinetics of pentlandite oxidation in nickel pyrometallugy. Pentlandite oxidation follows a four-step reaction sequence. Reaction …
bed reactors, in multiple hearth roasters or by smelting in a flash smelting furnace. Strong off-gases are generated and are suitable for SO2 capture and fixation. Certain changes were recently introduced into the process, which indicate to the most possible method of iron sulfide removal already in the ore milling stage [17].
The dominant component are the pentlandite ((Fe,Ni) 9 S 8), chalcocite (Cu 2 S), and a small amount of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) and iron–nickel alloy (Ni 3 Fe).
Currently, the main smelting processes of nickel sulfide ore involve flash smelting and pool smelting [19] [20] [21][22]. Spraying the deeply dehydrated powder concentrate from the top into the ...
In nature, violarite forms either by exsolution during the cooling of pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)9S8; Figure 1a) or, more commonly, by the oxidation of pentlandite in the supergene zone (Figure 1b).
It would imply that the cobalt is probably in solid solution in the pentlandite matrix and fairly homogenously distributed throughout the pentlandite grains. The copper in such ore is a "nuisance" copper and does not play a role in the economics of this deposit. However, the accumulative Cu recovery reaches 23.7% during the four cycle tests.
The majority of the platinum-group elements in the Merensky ore are associated with pentlandite [(Fe,Ni) 9 S 8], occurring either in pentlandite grains or at the pentlandite–gangue grain boundaries (Peyerl, 1983, Jones, 1999). Palladium and rhodium are the PGEs contained mostly in pentlandite (Peyerl, 1983, Cabri, 1992, Godel et al., …
The effect of high intensity conditioning before flotation on hydrophobic flocculation of sulfide minerals and its relationship with flotation of low-grade copper-nickel sulfide ore were ...
Currently, the main smelting processes of nickel sulfide ore involve flash smelting and pool smelting [19,20,21,22]. Spraying the deeply dehydrated powder concentrate from the …
It is diagnostic of pentlandite and allows its recognition even in secondary aggregates in which pentlandite has been totally replaced or reduced to minimal relicts (Figs. 93.3 and 93.4a). 2.2 Observation +P (Polariser + Analyser at 90°) Isotropic (Fig. 93.1c, d and 93.4).
The ore sample investigated was the Ni-Cu sulphide ore from Voisey's Bay, which indicated an excellent pentlandite-pyrrhotite selectivity with the combined use of SMBS and TETA. However, under the conditions of highly efficient pentlandite-pyrrhotite separation, the flotation of chalcopyrite was noted to be slowed down.
2 ROASTING OF SULFIDE MINERALS In addition to common metals like copper, lead, zinc, and nickel a number of other metals such as antimony, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, mercury, and molybdenum
"A new hydrometallurgical process for nickel extraction from a low grade laterite ore such as limonite has been developed by RIST and POSCO. This POSCO Nickel Extraction Process (PosNEP) consists of five main processes: ore reduction using hydrogen as a reductant; acid leaching at atmospheric pressure and temperature; …
Ores []. In Omnifactory vanilla ores generate less frequently; instead most of them are found as GregTech Community Edition mixed veins. These veins come in four parts, with each part being a different ore and generate in ellipsoid shapes. The details as to how these ores generate are as follows: At the center of each 3x3 chunk section a specific vein type is …
About 80% of the worlds' reserves for platinum group metals (PGMs) are in South Africa's Bushveld Igneous Complex. Processing of PGM involves comminution, flotation, smelting, converting, base metals refinery and precious metals refinery. Due to increasing chrome content in the feed and the challenges associated with operating high …
Nickel mined in the world include sulfide ore and oxide ore. Nickel also occurs in seabed manganese nodules. Secondary nickel resources play an increasingly …
16.2. Separation of Chalcopyrite and Pentlandite 16.3. Industrial Practice 16.4. Grinding 16.5. Summary 17. Smelting of Nickel Sulfide Concentrates by Roasting and Electric Furnace Smelting 17.1. Principles of Roasting and Smelting 17.2. Chemistry of Roasting 17.3. Electric Furnace Smelting 17.4. Industrial Electric Furnaces 17.5. Summary 18.
This allowed investigating the mass-dependent fractionation of Ni isotopes during the Ni-laterite ore smelting and refining. ... Economic Ni resources are found either in magmatic sulfide deposits, where the principal ore mineral is pentlandite ((FeNi) 9 S 8) (Naldrett et al., 1979, Hoatson et al., 2006), or in laterite-type ores deposits where ...
Nickel sul Rde minerals such as pentlandite can, in general, be separated from their gangue by Sotation using a thiol group of collectors like xanthates and alkyl …
Mineable platinum group metal (PGM) deposits are rare and found in relatively few areas of the world. At the same time, the use of PGM is predicted to expand in green technology and energy applications, and PGMs are consequently currently listed as European Union critical metals. Increased mineralogical complexity, lower grade ores, …
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