The Ecca Group hosts most of the South African coal seams, which are associated with certain sandstones and shales (Snyman 1998). The marine shales of the Volksrust Formation grade up into the terrestrial sediments of the Beaufort Group, reflecting a climatic change and marine water retreating (Cadle et al. 1993).
Almost all of South Africa's coal resources and one-third of the coal resources in the southern hemisphere are in rocks of the Ecca Group (Johnson, 1991) the latter may also be hosting the much debated shale gas thought to be hosted in the Whitehill Formation in the Eastern Cape region.
The Ecca Group is a sedimentary geological unit that comprises mostly of shales and sandstones. Almost all of South Africa's coal resources and one-third of the coal …
South Africa's coal resources are contained in the Ecca deposits, a stratum of the Karoo Supergroup, and date from the Permian period between 280 and 250 Ma. In general terms, they are largely located in …
Most authors accept that within South Africa 19 coalfields (Figure 4) may be defined based on variations in sedimentation, origin, formation, distribution and quality of the coals. …
The palynological record of the No. 2 Coal Seam of the Vryheid Formation indicates a cold climate, fern wetland community, characteristic of lowland alluvial plains, …
The stratigraphy of the Ecca Group has been subdivided into the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, Ripon, and Fort Brown Formations in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. In this article, we present detailed stratigraphic and facies analyses of borehole data and road-cut exposures of the Ecca Group along regional roads R67 (Ecca Pass), …
The Permian coal-bearing formations of the South African Karoo Basin play a crucial role in the study and interpretation of Gondwana's climate history and biodiversity in this time …
Request PDF | Palynological records of the Early Permian icehouse-greenhouse transition (Ecca Group, South Africa) | The Permian coal-bearing formations of the South African Karoo Basin play a ...
The Middle Permian Skoorsteenberg Formation is part of the Ecca Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. It is also known as the 'Tanqua fan complex' due to its origin as a deep-water sedimentation unit associated with a prograding deltaic system. ... Rb-Sr Isotopic and elemental studies of the origin of glauconite in the Permian northern ...
Lithostratigraphy of the Pietermaritzburg Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa E.M. Bordy; E.M. Bordy Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa ... Rb-Sr Isotopic and elemental studies of the origin of glauconite in the Permian northern Karoo …
Coal is black to brown and a soft and light rock composed of the carbon remains of plants. It is found as seams, or layers within shales and sandstones of the Ecca group. The quality of South African coal is …
(Lower Ecca Group). Geological setting The Late Carboniferous to Middle Jurassic Karoo Basin (Fig. 1) covers approximately one-third ... The Karoo Basin hosts important coal resources of South Africa (Johnson et al. 1997), namely, the Witbank coalfield comprising the basin's northeastern most economic coal
The stratigraphy of the Ecca Group has been subdivided into the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, Ripon, and Fort Brown Formations in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. In this article, we present …
The outcrop of the Ecca Group in the Eastern Cape Province was investigated in order to reveal petrographic and geophysical characteristics of the formations that make up the group which are vital ...
The Tevrede Formation deposits correlate with glauconitic and coal-bearing deposits of the Lower Permian Ecca Group in southern Namibia (KINGSLEY 1985) and South Africa (LEBLANC-SMITH 1980 ...
South Africa's proved reserves of coal amounted to roughly 9.9 billion metric tons in 2020. ... Its largest coal deposits are found in the Ecca Group, covering approximately two-thirds of the ...
The economic aspects of South Africa's coal deposits were last discussed in any real detail in the seminal papers of Volume II of the 1986 Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa ... The easily identifiable lithologies form a good marker below the coal bearing Ecca Group. Download: Download high-res image (892KB) Download: Download full-size …
South Africa's coal reserves and takes into account the amount of coal mined since the estimate was done. Considering the 290 Mt run-of-mine (ROM) production for ... Ecca Group, Dwyka Group Umtata Aliwal North urt Reitz Klerksdorp Springs Pretoria Belfast Mbabane SWAZILAND Spitzkop Phalaborwa Pietersburg NORTHERN …
The Ecca Group equivalents contain coal, but seams are relatively thin in the upper part of the coal zone. Below this zone, six to seven coal seams have been …
The Lower Permian Pietermaritzburg Formation is a mudrock-dominated, upward-coarsening stratigraphic unit in the lower Ecca Group (Karoo Supergroup) in the …
Petrography of the sandstones of Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa have been investigated on composition, provenance and influence of weathering conditions. ... Cairncross B., Christie ADM., Roberts DL., The Karoo Basin of South Africa: type basin for the coal-bearing deposits of southern Africa ...
The stratigraphy of the Ecca Group has been subdivided into the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, Ripon, and Fort Brown Formations in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. In this article, we present detailed stratigraphic and facies analyses
The focus of this study is the potential for coalbed gas resources in the coal-bearing sequences of the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group (fig. 2). The Vryheid Formation …
conglomerates and the overlying Ecca Group (Johnson. et al., 2006). The latter is represented by the Vryheid ... The Karoo Basin of South Africa: type-basin for coal-bearing deposits of. southern ...
Presently South Africa is the only country in the world that operates commercial coal to liquids (CTL) synfuel plants, and coal is the feedstock for the …
Once the sub-continent entered more temperate climes, the glaciers melted and created a large, composite swamp over much of Southern Africa. The rich organic life that flourished in these swamps and marshes would eventually consolidate into the substantial coal fields of the Ecca Group of rocks. Rich in Fossils
Africa's economic coal reserves. The Witbank Coalfield in particular has produced a large proportion of coal mined for export as well as for the local market. As such, it is one of the most important geographic as well as geological regions with respect to coal distribution and coal production. Smith & Whittaker (1986) stated that
The Ecca group has a total thickness of approximately 1300 m. Sandstones and shales within the group originated as clastic sediments deposited in a large shallow inland sea Page | 10 and swamps. Forest vegetation developed at many places and times during deposition, resulting in a widespread coal deposition. Almost all South Africa's coal ...
Research of South Africa's coal deposits began at the beginning of the 20th century (Kynaston, 1906) with some benchmark papers appearing in the 1920s (Wybergh, 1922, 1925). ... south-west and west in the Free State area where younger Triassic cover rocks overly the coal-bearing Ecca Group strata. In the main coal mining regions of the ...
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