In recent years, liquefied natural gas (LNG) boil-off gas (BOG) re-liquefaction technologies in LNG ships have been developing rapidly as LNG trade across the sea has become a hot spot in global energy trade. However, there are lots of restrictions on board and BOG re-liquefaction is an energy-intensive industrial process. Reducing energy …
This paper provides a quantitative technical and economic overview of the status of natural-gas liquefaction (LNG) processes. Data is based on industrial practices in technical reports and ...
Herein, we describe the design and operation of an indirect coal liquefaction plant with integrated coal-water slurry manufacturing, entrained flow gasification, Rectisol, and Fisher-Tropsch ...
Two very different approaches to providing fluid fuels from coal are described and compared in this paper: direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal …
Direct coal liquefaction has been studied and practiced since the 1930s. It was used in Germany during World War II to produce synthetic fuels when there was no oil allowed into the country. Since then, it has been studied in the United States and many different technologies have been investigated. Since the US is rich in coal resources, …
For smaller-scale liquefaction plants simpler single-mixed refrigerant (SMR) liquefaction processes have proved to be effective between 0.25 and 1.5 mtpa/train capacities. SMR technology has been provided commercially for about 50 years by Black & Veatch in the form of their 1977 patented [26] cold-box PRICO technology [27] .
Coal-to-liquids (CTL) technology enables conversion of abundant coal into valuable liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Methods include indirect conversion (coal to …
The base design studied in this work for CO 2 liquefaction from post combustion facility was proposed by Lee et al. (2012) which was a modified design from Aspelund and Jordal (2007).The basic theme of design is to compress CO 2 in four stages up to 52 bars with inter-cooling between each stage. The compressed CO 2 free from water and volatiles is …
Coal Liquefaction Technologies • Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL) • Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL) • Hybrid Coal Liquefaction (DCL/ICL)
4. Cyclic mobility:-Cyclic mobility is a liquefaction phenomenon, triggered by cyclic loading, occurring in soil deposits with static shear stresses lower than the soil strength. Deformation due to cyclic mobility develop incrementally because of static and dynamic stresses that exist during an earthquake. Effects of liquefaction Loss of …
The indirect liquefaction route consists of the conversion of coal to synthesis gas (hydrogen plus carbon monoxide), and then the conversion of the synthesis gas to liquid …
As a reference, the crude oil refining to gasoline process consumes between 2.8 and 6.6 gal/GGE.52 Conclusions NREL and PNNL have jointly developed the conceptual biorefinery processes and performed the detailed comparative TEA of five conversion pathways from biomass to gasoline-, kerosene/jet-, and diesel–range hydrocarbons via indirect ...
The terminal serves three functions: (1) to receive and store ship-delivered LNG, (2) to regasify the LNG, with optional compositional adjustments, and (3) to deliver contracted …
There are three major methods of producing liquid fuels from coal: pyrolysis, direct liquefaction, and indirect liquefaction. Pyrolysis is a thermal process in which coal is …
6. Dental Stone Made for gypsum by (Type ² III) carefully controlled Hydrocal calcinations under steam Stone is stronger pressure in a closed Class I stone container. The method and more expensive E …
Direct liquefaction processes add hydrogen to the hydrogen deficient organic structure of the coal, breaking it down only as far as is necessary to produce distillable liquids. Coal …
The direct liquefaction of coal and lignite can play a significant role in the production of liquid fuels for many developing countries, such as China, which has large coal and lignite reserves but less crude oil [22].The conventional approach of simply heating the lignite in a solvent with appropriate catalysts in a suitable gaseous atmosphere is not …
Global cement production has reached 3.9 billion tons. However, the clinkerization process, which is the basis of cement production, is responsible for an approximate annual global CO2 emission of 2 billion tons. As part of CEMBUREAU's 5C strategy, the European cement industry aims to achieve carbon neutrality throughout the cement-concrete value …
Hybrid process approaches involving a combination of direct coal liquefaction and indirect coal liquefaction (in which gasification is an intrinsic step) have been proposed and may be increasingly important in …
The section on the indirect liquefaction consists of the synthesis gas conversion, including the methanol and the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) syntheses, and the final product upgrading, …
Indirect liquefaction processes require first gasifying the solid feedstocks into a syngas. Therefore, while direct coal liquefaction (DCL) takes coal directly into a liquid phase, indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) consists of two major steps: (a) gasification to produce a synthesis gas (syngas); and (b) conversion of the carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen …
Direct liquefaction refers to several processes which rely on thermal energy, hydrogen, and solvent to produce high yields of liquid products from coal. The focus of research in this type of coal conversion has therefore been directly stimulated by …
Mineralogically identical to natural gypsum, FGD gypsum, or synthetic gypsum, is produced from gas captured within emission control systems at coal fired electric utilities. An emission that would compromise air quality, sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas, is the primary contribution coal makes to FGD gypsum. Utilities that produce panel-grade synthetic …
The liquefaction of biomass is an important technology to converse the biomass into valuable biofuel. The common technologies for liquefaction of biomass are indirect liquefaction and direct liquefaction. The indirect liquefaction refers to the Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) process using the syngas of biomass as the raw material to …
There are two main types of coal liquefaction: direct and indirect. Direct liquefaction involves partially refining coal directly into synthetic crude oil, while indirect liquefaction first gasifies coal into syngas and then converts the syngas into liquid fuels using processes like Fischer-Tropsch or the Bergius process.
The use of zeolite catalysts for the refining of products from methanol synthesis and Fisher-Tropsch synthesis was reviewed. The focus was on fuels refining processes and differences in the application to indirect liquefaction products was compared to petroleum, which is often a case of managing dif …
reaction are also essential processing steps in the direct liquefaction of coal. They are used to produce the hydrogen required for that process. A simplified, but relatively complete, schematic flow diagram showing the various routes for coal indirect liquefaction is given as Fig. 1. It shows a general
Many factors impact earthquake-induced liquefaction, and there are complex interactions between them. Therefore, rationally identifying the key factors and clarifying their direct and indirect effects on liquefaction help to reduce the complexity of the predictive model and improve its predictive performance. This information can also …
Plasma technology can be considered to be a novel player in this field, but nevertheless one with great potential. Over the past decades this technology has evolved from sole hydrogen production, over indirect methane liquefaction to eventually direct plasma-assisted methane liquefaction processes.
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نشانی: شماره 1688، جاده شرقی گاوک، منطقه جدید پودونگ، شانگهای، چین.
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